The Galactic Government Structure

The Galactic Government is the primary government mentioned in most galactic politics. It has authority over twenty sectors, indicated by this dated map. (Note: the map contains several inaccuracies)

The sectors are formed by strategic logic rather than any geopolitical purposes, but have remained. The purpose of the sectors is to provide an effective way to station troops. However, the concept has remained as a favorable one. The sectors do not influence most non-military decisions, but the Senate has its members representing the sectors. The divisions do not cover all land controlled by The Galactic Liberal Democracy, but they include the notable parts. The Intergalactic Government and Systems governments control these areas along with other official domestic governments. The Galactic Government makes more decisions than the Intergalactic Government and is considered more important by most.

Levels of Government
Due to the size, much of the power is delegated to smaller government powers. The divisions of power range from sub-planetary to intergalactic.

Planetary: These governmental bodies operate within their planet. They handle smaller tasks necessary to run the planet while having some power over more political areas. They answer to sector governments while working separately from representatives. Planetary governments generally have little interaction with the large government and serve to help the people.

Global Assembly: An international government with more power than the national governments. It is a representative democracy. Each leader is elected to an area organized with one fiftieth of the population.
State Assembly: In place of national governments, each state has its own democratically elected congress. It generally consists of around fifty.
Provincial Arm: The lowest level of government listed, mostly has the authority to stop city governments from abusing power and seceding.

Sector Government: These governments are given more power over legislation. They can make their own laws, but they are subject to the discretion of the galactic government. The galaxy and the sectors both have their strengths in that case. The Galactic Government can rule laws unconstitutional by due judicial process. The Sector Governments still have the option to reject some bills, but ultimately, are not independent.

Sectoral Congress: The Sectoral Congress is made up of a varying amount of members. There are two members for every billion citizens. They are the most powerful sub-galactic government.
System Government: This role is mostly meant for strategic reasons. They are tasked with maintaining the well-being of planetary systems and keeping the planetary governments stable. They would theoretically organize a defense. They also deal with issues like space debris.
Planetary Governor: The planetary governor represents the planet in interplanetary ordeals. They answer to both the Sectoral Congress and Galactic Government. They do not have much power besides administration and planning.

Galactic Government:

The Galactic Senate: The most historically infamous group, this upper house controls many important things. They were formerly elected by one planet, but their current role is different. Five senators are picked per sector. Because they recognize this may not be representative, the senators now vote on topics of importance relative to governmental actions not relating to social issues. There are one hundred senators.
The Galactic Chamber: This lower house passes legislation on social issues and problems that are too important to deal with by a non-representative vote. There is one member for each five billion citizens in their sector, but it is often rounded up. The number of members is chosen every five years by the Senate and acted upon in the following election.
The Galactic Council: This is the second branch. It has the supreme executive strength, but is limited by the other two branches. Much of the appointments are given to the Executive Council, who can also fire them with a vote. This is the least orthodox part of the government, as the executives are not led by a single person. The council members are elected with a popular vote from two combined sectors. One of them is voted by the others to be the speaker. This person would make speeches and represent them when easy communication is essential. Tasks are also delegated to the ministries.
The Galactic Judiciary: This branch sees through separation of power and high level legal cases. It is made up of fifteen justices who are appointed chose by several people. Three are appointed by different people, with one fifth of the council being either keeping their positions or changing every eight years. First, the speaker of the council takes his choice. The proceeding order is as follows: the leader of the upper house, lower house, Secretary of State, and the Minister of Justice. The justices are closely watched for decisions that are clearly biased, as any of the other two branches can render their decisions invalid if they are not affected and there is probable and unbiased cause.

Departments
Galactic Department of Education: education, information services, administration in that area

Department of Starfighter Defense: manages starfighter forces in air and space, works with other defense departments

Department of Surface Defense: manages ground forces, works with other defense departments

Department of Naval Defense: manages larger ships, works with other defense departments

Galactic Department of Finance: does financial tasks, monitors economic activity, other administration

Galactic Department of Justice: oversees the legal system, watches for corruption

Department of Trade Security: protects trade vessels, patrols hyperspace routes